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yalefield金蟲 (文壇精英)
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波函數----并非統(tǒng)計工具而是物理真實 【轉】 已有14人參與
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http://www.edu.cn/ren_yu_zi_ran_ ... 111220_721232.shtml 在《Nature》雜志公布2011年最受歡迎的十大新聞中，排名第6的是： 波函數并非統(tǒng)計工具而是物理真實 據《自然》雜志網站2011年11月17日報道，波函數是量子力學中一個重要且令人費解的核心概念，物理學家用它來確定量子粒子具備某種特性的概率，而英國科學家2011年11月14日發(fā)表在arXiv。org網站的一篇論文則提出了一個新觀點： 波函數并非統(tǒng)計工具而是物理真實 由英國帝國理工學院的馬修·皮由茲領導的三人科學小組在最新發(fā)表的論文中指出，如果波函數純粹只是統(tǒng)計工具的話，那么，時間和空間中互不連貫的量子狀態(tài)都將可以相互“交流”，這聽起來有點不可思議，很難成立，因此波函數必定是物理真實。 研究人員之一、美國南加州克萊姆森大學的理論物理學家安東尼·瓦倫提尼表示：“我們的這篇論文可能具有顛覆效應，在量子力學中，它可能是繼貝爾定理之后最重要的結論。” 英國牛津大學的物理學家戴維·華萊士表示，這個理論是他15年的職業(yè)生涯內看到的量子力學基礎領域最重要的結論。他說：“這一理論表明，人們不能將量子狀態(tài)解釋為一種概率�！� 自上世紀20年代開始，科學界在如何理解波函數方面就存在很大爭議。丹麥最著名的科學家、哥本哈根大學的尼爾斯·玻爾開創(chuàng)的“哥本哈根解釋”認為，波函數是一個計算工具：當被用來計算粒子擁有不同特性的可能性時，它能給出正確的結論。 |
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小木蟲: 金幣+0.5, 給個紅包，謝謝回帖
小木蟲: 金幣+0.5, 給個紅包，謝謝回帖
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不贊同此觀點： 如果是工程師，那用公式來算算就行了，正確就行，弄出來的產品能用能賣錢，但如果是科學家，那就必須考慮到更深哲學層次的問題。一個完整看上去完美的理論大廈，就像牛頓方程和麥克斯韋方程所建的體系，一二兩烏云就能將其擊潰；同樣有些像現在的相對論和量子理論，各自體系完美，但總存在那幾朵烏云，等著未來的天才去擊潰。 再說，人類的知識目前太有限，宇宙的宏大，微觀世界的玄乎，時間空間的邊界，等都著去擊潰的東東很多。 除了終極理論，還有一個比它更難更艱巨必須用到哲學的思想去考慮的事物：意識。物理學家敢談論它么？ 我覺得，現階段雖然無力去解決它們，但必須進行哲學上的討論，才能讓未來有希望解決這些問題。 |
36樓2013-08-13 16:24:57
yalefield
金蟲 (文壇精英)
老漢一枚
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Nature網站的報導： Quantum theorem shakes foundations http://www.nature.com/news/quant ... -foundations-1.9392 Nature doi:10.1038/nature.2011.9392 The wavefunction is a real physical object after all, say researchers. Eugenie Samuel Reich 17 November 2011 Mathematical device or physical fact? The elusive nature of the quantum wavefunction may be pinned down at last. At the heart of the weirdness for which the field of quantum mechanics is famous is the wavefunction, a powerful but mysterious entity that is used to determine the probabilities that quantum particles will have certain properties. Now, a preprint posted online on 14 November1 reopens the question of what the wavefunction represents — with an answer that could rock quantum theory to its core. Whereas many physicists have generally interpreted the wavefunction as a statistical tool that reflects our ignorance of the particles being measured, the authors of the latest paper argue that, instead, it is physically real. “I don't like to sound hyperbolic, but I think the word 'seismic' is likely to apply to this paper,” says Antony Valentini, a theoretical physicist specializing in quantum foundations at Clemson University in South Carolina. Valentini believes that this result may be the most important general theorem relating to the foundations of quantum mechanics since Bell’s theorem, the 1964 result in which Northern Irish physicist John Stewart Bell proved that if quantum mechanics describes real entities, it has to include mysterious “action at a distance”. Action at a distance occurs when pairs of quantum particles interact in such a way that they become entangled. But the new paper, by a trio of physicists led by Matthew Pusey at Imperial College London, presents a theorem showing that if a quantum wavefunction were purely a statistical tool, then even quantum states that are unconnected across space and time would be able to communicate with each other. As that seems very unlikely to be true, the researchers conclude that the wavefunction must be physically real after all. David Wallace, a philosopher of physics at the University of Oxford, UK, says that the theorem is the most important result in the foundations of quantum mechanics that he has seen in his 15-year professional career. “This strips away obscurity and shows you can’t have an interpretation of a quantum state as probabilistic,” he says. The debate over how to understand the wavefunction goes back to the 1920s. In the ‘Copenhagen interpretation’ pioneered by Danish physicist Niels Bohr, the wavefunction was considered a computational tool: it gave correct results when used to calculate the probability of particles having various properties, but physicists were encouraged not to look for a deeper explanation of what the wavefunction is. Albert Einstein also favoured a statistical interpretation of the wavefunction, although he thought that there had to be some other as-yet-unknown underlying reality. But others, such as Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger, considered the wavefunction, at least initially, to be a real physical object. The Copenhagen interpretation later fell out of popularity, but the idea that the wavefunction reflects what we can know about the world, rather than physical reality, has come back into vogue in the past 15 years with the rise of quantum information theory, Valentini says. Rudolph and his colleagues may put a stop to that trend. Their theorem effectively says that individual quantum systems must “know” exactly what state they have been prepared in, or the results of measurements on them would lead to results at odds with quantum mechanics. They declined to comment while their preprint is undergoing the journal-submission process, but say in their paper that their finding is similar to the notion that an individual coin being flipped in a biased way — for example, so that it comes up 'heads' six out of ten times — has the intrinsic, physical property of being biased, in contrast to the idea that the bias is simply a statistical property of many coin-flip outcomes. Quantum information Robert Spekkens, a physicist at the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics in Waterloo, Canada, who has favoured a statistical interpretation of the wavefunction, says that Pusey's theorem is correct and a “fantastic” result, but that he disagrees about what conclusion should be drawn from it. He favours an interpretation in which all quantum states, including non-entangled ones, are related after all. Spekkens adds that he does expect the theorem to have broader consequences for physics, as have Bell’s and other fundamental theorems. No one foresaw in 1964 that Bell’s theorem would sow the seeds for quantum information theory and quantum cryptography — both of which rely on phenomena that aren’t possible in classical physics. Spekkens thinks this theorem may ultimately have a similar impact. “It’s very important and beautiful in its simplicity,” he says. [ Last edited by yalefield on 2012-4-2 at 02:13 ] |
2樓2012-04-02 02:08:52
yalefield
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franch: 金幣+2, 鼓勵交流。。。。。呵呵 2012-04-02 09:58:16
franch: 金幣+2, 鼓勵交流。。。。。呵呵 2012-04-02 09:58:16
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附件是那篇論文。 Matthew F. Pusey, Jonathan Barrett, Terry Rudolph The quantum state cannot be interpreted statistically arXiv:1111.3328v1 http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/1111.3328 |
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歡迎監(jiān)督和反饋：小木蟲僅提供交流平臺，不對該內容負責。
本內容由用戶自主發(fā)布，如果其內容涉及到知識產權問題，其責任在于用戶本人，如對版權有異議，請聯(lián)系郵箱：xiaomuchong@tal.com - 附件 1 : 1111.3328v1.pdf
2012-04-02 02:10:55, 538.06 K
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4樓2012-04-02 09:13:38
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