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maweisimple鐵蟲 (小有名氣)
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[求助]
關(guān)于生物素標記抗體 已有2人參與
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| 大家好,我最近在做生物素標記小鼠單抗,用的是BNHS標記,前期要求將抗體置換到pH8.4的NaHCO3中,請問為什么要選用這個緩沖液?為什么不選用PBS?是為了pH的緣故嗎?另外,怎樣才能知道是否將生物素標記到Fab上了?請大家多多指教,謝謝! |
蛋白質(zhì)生物學(xué)實驗經(jīng)驗 | 科研 |

新蟲 (初入文壇)
專家顧問 (知名作家)
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專家經(jīng)驗: +218 |
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緩沖溶液的作用主要就是pH穩(wěn)定性和離子強度的適合,還有避免緩沖溶液中的成分與樣品分子發(fā)生共價鏈接,主要就是考慮這些。 鏈接很容易,就用EDC或者CMC等碳二亞胺,是最容易在羧基和氨基之間催化形成酰胺鍵,反應(yīng)條件就是0到4度,過夜,用磁力攪拌子溫和攪拌,pH<7反應(yīng)快,不過pH=7或稍微pH>7也關(guān)系不大。EDC或者CMC等碳二亞胺催化活性極高,而且一般的蛋白質(zhì)的分子表面總有Lys,Arg,Asn,Gln,所以游離在分子表面的羧基和氨基總是不少的,參與反應(yīng)的兩種蛋白質(zhì)用大致10:1的比例混合(哪種蛋白質(zhì)便宜,哪種蛋白質(zhì)的物質(zhì)的量就大些,但是這不是全部原因),反應(yīng)樣品濃度就按照平時使用時的濃度或略微更低濃度(別用儲存液的濃度)即可。很容易反應(yīng),而且EDC或者CMC等碳二亞胺是零臂連接試劑,用于空間位阻,形成多分子交聯(lián)可能較小,即使形成了也很容易用分子篩層析按照分子量區(qū)分開。 參與反應(yīng)的兩種蛋白質(zhì)用大致10:1的比例混合(哪種蛋白質(zhì)便宜,哪種蛋白質(zhì)的物質(zhì)的量就大些,但是這不是全部原因),為了避免兩種蛋白質(zhì)之間發(fā)生交聯(lián)成為串聯(lián),因為一種蛋白質(zhì)形成串聯(lián)的可能性低一些;即使要形成串聯(lián)的蛋白質(zhì)串珠,最好也不要是價格高的那種;另外,EDC或者CMC等碳二亞胺催化活性極高,室溫下即會催化,所以要在0到4度,過夜,用磁力攪拌子溫和攪拌,一方面避免碳二亞胺催化活性太高形成串聯(lián)的蛋白質(zhì)串珠,另一方面,保護蛋白質(zhì)不變性;反應(yīng)樣品濃度就按照平時使用時的濃度或略微更低濃度(別用儲存液的濃度)即可,為什么?因為濃度高了更易形成串聯(lián)的蛋白質(zhì)串珠結(jié)構(gòu),濃度低了,沒有反應(yīng)成功,通過分子篩層析還可以分離出來接著連接,如果形成了酰胺鍵再要專一性切開就沒有那么容易了。 |
鐵蟲 (小有名氣)

專家顧問 (知名作家)
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專家經(jīng)驗: +218 |
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NHS:N-羥基琥珀酰亞胺? http://www.ts007.com/shtml/6066-82-6.htm 該試劑及其衍生物是合成肽、抗生素、氨基酸、蛋白質(zhì)等重要原料?捎糜谥苽浠钚怎,在肽偶聯(lián)時抑制其外旋光作用的發(fā)生。 在醫(yī)藥方面用于活化羧基以用于酰胺鍵的形成。用于合成氨基酸保護劑、半合成卡那霉素B及醫(yī)藥中間體。 碳二亞胺法的添加劑,用于促進酰胺化和肽偶聯(lián)反應(yīng)。 用于合成抗菌素、抗原蛋白、縮氨酸等藥物的催化劑及偶聯(lián)劑,混紡纖維的印染助劑,打印機色帶用非升華染料的滲透劑、除莠解毒劑,活性酯氨解催化劑以及有機酸的;瘎┑取 N-羥基琥珀酰亞胺催化酰胺鍵形成的原理與碳二亞胺差不多,有時碳二亞胺里也會加入N-羥基琥珀酰亞胺。 PBS緩沖液也就是磷酸緩沖液(phosphate buffersolution)一般作為溶劑,起溶解保護試劑的作用,具體試劑一般也有不同的比例配方,在針對性上就有了更好的效果。是生物化學(xué)研究中使用最為廣泛的一種緩沖液,通常使用的有磷酸鈉緩沖液(NaH2PO4&Na2HPO4)和磷酸鉀緩沖液(K2HPO4&KH2PO4),由于它們有二級解離,緩沖的pH值范圍很廣,一般的穩(wěn)定的pH范圍為:7.2~7.4。酸鹽緩沖溶液在醫(yī)學(xué)詞匯中還縮寫為CBS,,一般的穩(wěn)定的pH范圍為:pH=9.6左右。兩種緩沖溶液的穩(wěn)定的pH不一樣,對于N-羥基琥珀酰亞胺催化酰胺鍵形成的最適合的反應(yīng)條件的距離不一樣,碳酸緩沖溶液的穩(wěn)定的pH因該更加接近N-羥基琥珀酰亞胺催化酰胺鍵形成的最適合的pH。 N-羥基琥珀酰亞胺在pH值為7-9的緩沖液中,容易與與伯胺基團(-NH2)有效反應(yīng)形成穩(wěn)定的酰胺鍵并釋放N-羥基琥珀酰亞胺。使用長波紫外光(330-370)光活化重氮甲烷形成有活性的碳烯中間體。這樣的中間體可以通過與任意氨基酸側(cè)鏈或肽段主鏈在對應(yīng)間隔臂長度的距離上的附加反應(yīng)形成共價鍵。 “NHS Esters AnN-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester is perhaps the most common activation chemistry for creating reactive acylating agents. NHS esters were first introduced as reactive ends of homobifunctional crosslinkers (Bragg and Hou, 1975; Lomant and Fairbanks, 1976). Today, the great majority of amine-reactive crosslinking or modification reagents commercially available utilize NHS esters. An NHS ester may be formed by the reaction of a carboxylate with NHS in the presence of a carbodiimide. To prepare stable NHS ester derivatives, the activation reaction must be done in non-aqueous conditions using water-insoluble carbodiimides or condensing agents, such as DCC (Chapter 3, Section 1.4). NHS or sulfo-NHS ester-containing reagents react with nucleophiles with release of the NHS or sulfo-NHS leaving group to form an acylated product (Reaction 4). The reaction of such esters with a sulfhydryl or hydroxyl group does not yield stable conjugates, forming thioesters or ester linkages, respectively. Both of these bonds potentially can hydrolyze in aqueous environments or exchange with neighboring amines to form amide bonds. Histidine 1. Amine Reactions 171side-chain nitrogens of the imidazolyl ring also may be acylated with an NHS ester reagent, but they hydrolyze very rapidly in aqueous environments (Cuatrecasas and Parikh, 1972). Thus, the presence of imidazole in reaction buffers only serves to increase the hydrolysis rate of the active ester. Reaction with primary and secondary amines, however, creates stable amide and imide linkages, respectively, that don ’t readily break down. Thus, in protein molecules, NHS ester crosslinking reagents couple principally with the -amines at the N-terminals and the amines of lysine side chains. (Reaction 4) NHS esters also may be formedin situto react immediately with target molecules in aqueous reaction media. Using the water-soluble carbodiimide EDC (Chapter 3, Section 1.1) a carboxylate-containing molecule can be transformed into an active ester by reaction in the presence of NHS or sulfo-NHS ( N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide) (Chapter 3, Section 1.2). SulfoNHS esters are hydrophilic active groups that couple rapidly with amines on target molecules with the same specificity and reactivity as NHS esters (Staros, 1982). Unlike NHS esters that are relatively water insoluble and must be first dissolved in organic solvent before being added to aqueous solutions, sulfo-NHS esters are relatively water soluble, longer-lived, and hydrolyze more slowly in water. In the presence of amine nucleophiles that can attack at the electrondeficient carbonyl of the active ester, the sulfo-NHS group rapidly leaves, creating a stable amide linkage with the amine compound. Sulfhydryl and hydroxyl groups also will react with such active esters, but the products of such reactions, thioesters and esters, are unstable in aqueous environments or in the presence of amine nucleophiles. NHS esters have a half-life on the order of hours under physiological pH conditions. However, hydrolysis and amine reactivity both increase with increasing pH. At 0°C at pH 7.0, the half-life is typically 4–5 hours (Lomant and Fairbanks, 1976). At pH 8.0 at 25°C it falls to 1 hour (Staros, 1988), and at pH 8.6 and 4°C the half-life is only 10 minutes (Cuatrecasas and Parikh, 1972). The rate of hydrolysis may be monitored by measuring the increase in absorptivity at 260 nm as the NHS leaving group is cleaved. The molar extinction coefficient of the NHS group in solution is 8.2 10**3/M-1cm-1in Tris buffer at pH 9.0 (Carlsson et al., 1978), but somewhat decreases to 7.5 10**3/M-1/cm-1in potassium phosphate buffer at pH 6.5 (Partiset al., 1983). Unfortunately, the relatively low sensitivity of this absorptivity measurement does not allow for determining the rate of reaction in an actual crosslinking procedure. To maximize the modification of amines and minimize the effects of hydrolysis, maintain a high concentration of protein or other target molecule in the reaction medium. By adjusting the molar ratio of crosslinker to target molecule(s), the level of modification and conjugation may be controlled to create an optimal product. Water-insoluble crosslinkers containing NHS esters may be reacted in organic solvents, eliminating the hydrolysis problem, provided the target molecule is soluble and stable in such environments. For non-aqueous reactions, an organic base (proton acceptor) typically is added, such as triethylamine(三乙胺) or 4-(dimethylamine)pyridine (4-(二甲氨基)吡啶,DMAP).” From:Greg T. Hermanson,Bioconjugate Techniques, Elsevier Inc,2008,2nd Edition, http://www.gaoyang168.com/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=6282809 分享《Bioconjugate Techniques》2013年最新版 http://www.gaoyang168.com/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=6709686 注意截圖NHS上的原來的英文說明,大致可以判斷出兩種不同的緩沖溶液對于NHS的催化效率的影響主要還是各自的穩(wěn)定的pH環(huán)境。 反應(yīng)4.JPG NHS.JPG |
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